The Terrible Moral Emptiness of Quentin Tarantino is Wrecking His Films

Posted by Johann Hari Wed, 26 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT

Quentin Tarantino sauntered onto celluloid in the mid-1990s as a Natural Born Thriller, the boy-man who was going to stab adrenaline straight into the heart of American cinema. The movies he wrote and directed were highly stylized ballet dances of torture, haemorraghing internal organs, and rat-a-tat-tat pop culture monologues about Madonna’s vagina, the Brady Bunch, and what they call a Big Mac in France. (It’s Le Big Mac). He showed extreme cruelty in extreme close-up and – somehow – made the audience laugh with him through the screams. But there were always dark questions underneath the guffaws and applause – and his new film, ‘Inglorious Basterds’, sucks them to the surface.

The story of Tarantino’s rise is a film geek’s fantasy-screenplay. Born to a single mother in Los Angeles, he dropped out of school at sixteen, got a job at a video store, and marinated himself in the history of film. He absorbed everything from Lucio Fulci’s Italian horror-fests to Preston Sturges’ one-liners to John Woo’s Hong Kong shoot-outs. And as he took them in, they churned inside his brain – and spilled out, reassembled and regenerated, into a string of his own screenplays.

The first to be made was ‘Reservoir Dogs’ in 1994. Like all his films, it took an old stock genre premise – an armed robbery goes wrong, and in the aftermath the gang tries to figure out which of them is an undercover cop – and made it twitch back to life. He scrambled the chronology, poured hot sauce onto the dialogue, and made the bleeding after a shooting slow and real. Trapped together in a bare warehouse, the characters slowly destroy themselves. In the most famous scene, Mr Blonde – played by Michael Madsen – captures a cop and tortures him to get him to give up the identity of the fink. As he dances to the old cheese-hit ‘Stuck In The Middle With You’, he hacks off the cop’s ear, and douses him with petrol, threatening to burn him alive. It’s entrancing and repulsive all at once – and one of the most disturbing scenes in cinema.

At the time, many critics recoiled, saying this was sadism served up as style. The film was even banned on video in Britain for several years. But I was inclined to defend the film: I thought this violence was more real and repulsive than the glib gore-free massacres of an Arnold Schwarzenegger vehicle. When these characters bleed, they really scream. When they feel pain, you really flinch. Here was a director showing violence as it really is.

But since then, Tarantino has enthusiastically proved his critics right, and his defenders wrong. The moral vision of Reservoir Dogs turns out to have been something well-meaning viewers projected onto it: Tarantino really does think violence is “like, cool.” He has been systematically squandering his cinematic talent ever since – in ways that reflect disturbingly on us, the viewers.

He has turned suffering into a merry joke. From ‘Pulp Fiction’ to ‘Kill Bill’, he encourages the audience to chortle at torture and mutilation and anal rape. A typical punchline is – whoops! – a man being shot in the face. Where there should be a gag reflex, he gives us a gag. In ‘Inglorious Basterds’, a group of Jews undercover in Germany torture and scalp Nazis, and he gets the viewer to roar with laughter as people are carved up, alive and howling.

“Violence in the movies can be cool,” he says. “It’s just another colour to work with. When Fred Astaire dances, it doesn’t mean anything. Violence is the same. It doesn’t mean anything. It’s a colour.” He scorns anyone who tries to see simulated violence as having meaning. With a laugh, he says: “John Woo’s violence has a very insightful view as to how the Hong Kong mind works because with 1997 approaching and blah blah blah. I don’t think that’s why he’s doing it. He’s doing it because he gets a kick out of it.” Praising Stanley Kubrik’s direction of ‘A Clockwork Orange’, he says: “He enjoyed the violence a little too much. I’m all for that.”

In the slightly pretentious language of postmodernism, he is trying to separate the sign (movie violence) from the signified (real violence) – leaving us floating in a sea of meaningless signs that refer to nothing but themselves and the sealed-off history of cinema.

What’s wrong with this vision? Why does it make me so queasy? I don’t believe works of art should be ennobling. I don’t believe the heroes should be virtuous, or that bad characters should get their comeuppance. It can show deeply violent and deeply cruel people, and tell us that – as in real life – they can be charismatic and successful and never pay a price for their cruelty. But what it should never do is tell us that human suffering itself is trivial. It should never turn pain into a punch-line.

Violence has particular power on film precisely because it involuntarily activates our powers of empathy. We imagine ourselves, as an unthinking reflex, into the agony. This is the most civilising instinct we have: to empathize with suffering strangers. (It competes, of course, with all our more base instincts). Any work of art that denies this sense – that is based on subverting it – will ultimately be sullying. No, I’m not saying it makes people violent. But it does leave the viewer just a millimetre more morally corroded. Laughing at simulated torture – and even cheering it on, as we are encouraged to through all of Tarantino’s later films – leaves a moral muscle just a tiny bit more atrophied.

You can see this in the responses of Tarantino himself. Not long after 9/11, he said: “It didn’t affect me because there’s, like, a Hong Kong action movie… called Purple Storm and they work in a whole big thing in the plot that they blow up a skyscraper.” It’s a case-study in atrophy of moral senses: to brag you weren’t moved by the murder of two and half thousand actual people, because you’d already seen it simulated in a movie. Only somebody who has never seen violence – who sees the world as made of celluloid – can respond like this.

Tarantino’s films aren’t even sadistic. Sadists take human suffering seriously; that’s why they enjoy it. No: Tarantino is morally empty, seeing a shoot-out as akin to dancing cheek-to-cheek. He sees violence as nothing. Compare his oeuvre to the work of a genuine cinematic sadist – Alfred Hitchcock – and you see the difference. Precisely because Hitchcock enjoyed inflicting pain, the pain is always authentic, and it is never emptied of its own inner horror.

And yet, and yet… I have to admit that part of me loves Tarantino’s films. The scene in ‘Pulp Fiction’ where John Travolta and Uma Thurman dance the twist in a 1950s-style diner, and later when he has to stab adrenaline into her heart after she ODs, are burned onto my brain, even though I have refused to watch the film for more than a decade. There are scenes in ‘Inglorious Basterds’ of perfect tension. This man knows how to make a scene work than almost any director working today. But I can’t forget – it sees the Holocaust as just another spaghetti Western, and one where the suggested solution is more torture, coming from the victims this time.

Can you love a film even while you are repulsed by its moral vision, or lack of it? This is a question that goes right back to the birth of cinema (and beyond). The three greatest silent films are all explicit hymns of praise for totalitarianism. ‘The Birth of a Nation’ champions the Ku Klux Klan, ‘Battleship Potemkin’ hymns for Bolshevism, and ‘The Triumph of the Will’ is a paean to the Nazis. They are ravishing and repellent all at once – and I defy anyone to watch them and not get swept up in their power, even as your frontal lobes yell: “Stop! Danger!”

But aesthetics and the rest of life are not entirely separable spheres – and anybody who claims they are is simply posing. We don’t leave our moral senses at the door when we go to the movies, or pick up a novel, or go to a gallery. We feel such tension in Tarantino’s movies because the good and sane part of us doesn’t want the violence to come – while the debased part of us is cheering it on. That’s a moral conflict underpinning the aesthetics; by denying it is there, Tarantino is wilfully misunderstanding the effect of his films on their audiences.

The artists who have claimed their work was purely aesthetic were either frivolous, psychopathic, or lying. The novelist Vladimir Nabokov – who I love – claimed in the introduction to ‘Bend Sinister’ that “politics and economics, atomic bombs, primitive and abstract art forms, the entire Orient, symptoms of ‘thaw’ in Soviet Russia, the Future of Mankind, and so on, leave me supremely indifferent.” He was writing in the year of the Cuban Missile Crisis, when he and everybody he knows came within a few hours of dying in a nuclear war. How could he be “supremely indifferent” to that prospect? How can you revere aesthetics and not mind if every aesthetic object you love is incinerated? The answer is, of course, he wasn’t indifferent. If you read his letters, you find he worried about these issues at great length. Similarly, I suspect Tarantino has deeper instincts beneath his life-is-a-grindhouse-flick pose. He knows what he is saying isn’t – can’t – be true.

The tragedy of Tarantino is that he could have been so much more than the Schlock and Awe merchant that he has devolved into. If he had stopped mistaking his DVD collection for a life, he – to borrow a phrase from a real film, etched with real pain – could’ve been a contender. When I remember the raw force of Reservoir Dogs, I still hope that he will. It’s not too late. He could do it. How about it, Quentin? Step out into the big world beyond celluloid, and use your incredible talent to tell stories about it. As Mr Blonde says, “Are you going to bark all day, little doggie – or are you going to bite?”

Johann Hari is a writer for the Independent. To read more of his articles, click here . You can email him at johann -at- johannhari.com


Genocide From the Inside

Posted by Johann Hari Mon, 24 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT

"We have preserved the massacre site. We have preserved the death," the young Rwandan man said to me with a bewildering smile. He was leading me briskly through a school where a decade earlier, hundreds of men, women, and children had been hacked to death. Pools of dried blood made the floor sticky. In one corridor, old bits of skull and bone made it crunchy. And then we came to the bodies.

The dead were covered in some kind of greenish preservative and laid out in long rows on the floor. A child—frozen forever at 4 or 5—had her skull split open in one clear blow. A woman's stomach had been hacked, and the contents must have spilled out somewhere: She was empty now. I would like to be able to say the faces of the hundreds of bodies I marched past had an accusatory stare that asked: How could you let this happen to us? But, in reality, they were glassy-eyed and gone.

To read the full article at Slate, click here.

The Republican Party Is Turning Into A Cult

Posted by Johann Hari Tue, 18 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT

Something strange has happened in America in the nine months since Barack Obama was elected. It has best been summarized by the comedian Bill Maher: “The Democrats have moved to the right, and the Republicans have moved to a mental hospital.”

The election of Obama – a centre-left black man – as a successor to George W. Bush has scrambled the core American right’s view of their country. In their gut, they saw the US as a white-skinned, right-wing nation forever shaped like Sarah Palin. When this image was repudiated by a majority of Americans in a massive landslide, it simply didn’t compute. How could this have happened? How could the cry of “Drill, baby, drill” have been beaten by a supposedly big government black guy? So a streak that has always been there in the American right’s world-view – to deny reality, and argue against a demonic phantasm of their own creation – has swollen. Now it is all they can see.

Since Obama’s rise, the US right has been skipping frantically from one fantasy to another, like a person in the throes of a mental breakdown. It started when they claimed he was a secret Muslim, and – at the same time – that he was a member of a black nationalist church that hated white people. Then, once these arguments were rejected and Obama won, they began to argue he was born in Kenya and secretly smuggled into the United States as a baby, and the Hawaiian authorities conspired to fake his US birth certificate. So he is ineligible to rule and the office of President should pass to… the Republican runner-up, John McCain.

These aren’t fringe phenomena: a Research 2000 poll found that a majority of Republicans and Southerners say Obama wasn’t born in the US, or aren’t sure. A steady steam of Republican congressmen have been jabbering that Obama has “questions to answer.” No amount of hard evidence – here’s his birth certificate, here’s a picture of his mother heavily pregnant in Hawaii, here’s the announcement of his birth in the local Hawaiian paper – can pierce this conviction.

This trend has reached its apotheosis this summer with the Republican Party claiming en masse that Obama wants to set up “death panels” to euthanize the old and disabled. Yes: Sarah Palin really has claimed – with a straight face – that Barack Obama wants to kill her baby.

You have to admire the audacity of the right. Here’s what’s actually happening. The US is the only major industrialized country that does not provide regular healthcare to all its citizens. Instead, they are required to provide for themselves – and 50 million people can’t afford the insurance. As a result, 18,000 US citizens die every year needlessly, because they can’t access the care they require. That’s equivalent to six 9/11s, every year, year on year. Yet the Republicans have accused the Democrats who are trying to stop all this death by extending healthcare of being “killers” – and they have successfully managed to put them on the defensive.

The Republicans want to defend the existing system, not least because they are given massive sums of money by the private medical firms who benefit from the deadly status quo. But they can’t do so honestly: some 70 percent of Americans say it is “immoral” to retain a medical system that doesn’t cover all citizens. So they have to invent lies to make any life-saving extension of healthcare sound depraved.

A few months ago, a recent board member for several private health corporations called Betsy McCaughey noticed a clause in the proposed healthcare legislation that would pay for old people to see a doctor and write a living will. They could stipulate when (if at all) they would like care to be withdrawn. It’s totally voluntary. Many people want it: I know I wouldn’t want to be kept alive for a few extra months if I was only going to be in agony and unable to speak. But McCaughey started the rumour that this was a form of euthanasia, where old people would be forced to agree to death. This was then stretched somehow to include the disabled. It was flatly untrue – but the right had their talking point, Palin declared the system “downright evil”, and they were off.

It’s been amazingly successful. Now, every conversation about healthcare has to begin with a Democrat explaining at great length that, no, they are not in favour of killing the elderly – while Republicans get away with defending a status quo that kills 18,000 people a year. The hypocrisy was startling: when Sarah Palin was Governor of Alaska, she encouraged citizens there to take out living wills. Almost all the Republicans leading the charge against “death panels” have voted for living wills in the past. But the lie has done its work: a confetti of distractions has been thrown up, and support is leaking away from the plan that would save lives.

These claims have become so detached from reality that they often seem like black comedy. The right-wing magazine US Investors’ Daily claimed that if Steven Hawking had been British, he would have been allowed to die at birth by its “socialist” healthcare system. Hawking responded was a polite cough that he is British, and “I wouldn’t be here without the NHS.” Arthur Laffer, the right-wing economist lauded by David Cameron, claimed on CNN that it would be a disaster if the government got its hands on Medicare, the program providing healthcare for the elderly, paid for entirely by… the government.

This tendency to simply deny inconvenient facts and invent a fantasy-world isn’t new; it’s only becoming more heightened. It ran through the Bush years like a dash of bourbon in water. When it became clear Saddam Hussein had no Weapons of Mass Destruction, the US right simply claimed they had been shipped to Syria. When the scientific evidence for man-made global warming became unanswerable, they claimed – as one Republican congressman put it – that it was “the greatest hoax in human history”, and all the world’s climatologists were “liars”. The American media then presents itself as an umpire between “the rival sides”, as if they both had evidence behind them.

It’s a shame, because there are some areas in which a conservative philosophy –reminding us of the limits of grand human schemes, and advising caution – could be a useful corrective. But that’s not these what so-called “conservatives” are providing: instead, they are pumping up a hysterical fantasy, that is only a thin skin covering raw economic interests and base prejudices.

For many of the people at the top, this is mere cynical manipulation: one of Bush’s former advisors, David Kuo, has said the President and Karl Rove would mock evangelicals as “nuts” as soon as they left the Oval Office. But the ordinary Republican base believe it. They are being cruelly manipulated into opposing their own interests through false fears and invented demons. Last week, one of the Republicans sent to disrupt a healthcare town hall started a fight and was injured – and then complained he had no health insurance. I didn’t laugh; I wanted to weep.

Indeed, if you spend any time with American right-wingers – as I have, reporting undercover on events like the National Review cruise and the Christian Coalition Solidarity Tour of Israel – you soon find that your arguments don’t centre on philosophy. You have to concentrate on correcting basic factual errors about the real world.

They insist Europe has fallen to Islam, since Muslims immigrants are becoming a majority and are imposing sharia law. In reality, Muslims make up 3 percent of the population of Europe, and most of them oppose sharia law. They insist Franklin Roosevelt caused the Great Depression, and should have cut government spending. In reality, whenever he did cut spending – as he tried periodically throughout the 1930s – the economy began to tank. But explain this patiently – with a thousand sources – and they simply shriek that you are lying, and they know “in their heart” what is true. They insist gay marriage would cause the institution of the family to collapse. In reality, where it has already been introduced in Europe, heterosexual families continue just as before. On the list goes: evolution is a lie, a blastocyst is akin to a baby, torture produces actionable intelligence…

How do they train themselves to be so impervious to reality? It begins, I suspect, with religion. They are taught from a young age that it is good to have “faith” – which is, by definition, a belief without any evidence to back it up. You don’t have “faith” Australia exists, or fire burns: you have evidence. You only need “faith” to believe the untrue or unprovable. Indeed, they are taught that faith is the highest aspiration and most noble cause. Is it any surprise this then percolates into their political views? Faith-based thinking spreads and contaminates the rational.

Up to now, Obama has not responded well to this onslaught of unreason. He has tried to conciliate the elite economic interests, and joke about the fanatical fringe they are stirring up. He has shamefully assured the pharmaceutical companies that an expanded healthcare system will not use the power of government as a purchaser to bargain down drug prices, while wryly saying that he “doesn’t want to kill Grandma.” Rather than challenging these hard interests and bizarre fantasies aggressively, he has tried to flatter and soothe them. His healthcare plan is weaker and harder to explain as a result.

But this kind of mania can’t be co-opted: it can only by over-ruled. Sometimes in politics you will have enemies, and they must be democratically defeated. The political system cannot be gummed up by a need to reach out to the maddest people with the maddest fears. There is no way to expand healthcare without angering Big Pharma and the Republicaloons. So be it. As Arianna Huffington put it, “It is as though, at the height of the civil rights movement, you thought you had to bring together Martin Luther King and George Wallace and make them agree. It’s not how change happens.”

However strange it seems, the Republican Party really is spinning off into a bizaro-cult who believe Barack Obama is a baby-killer plotting to build death panels for the grannies of America. Their new slogan should be – shrill, baby, shrill.

Johann Hari is a writer for the Independent. To read more of his articles, click here . You can email him at johann -at- johannhari.com


Cruel and Out of Control - The Face of Debt Collecting Today

Posted by Johann Hari Fri, 14 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT

Sometimes it takes a casual phrase to really reveal the gap between a slice of our ruling class and the rest of us. The Tory front-bencher Alan Duncan says that living on £64,000 a year – which puts him in the richest 4 percent of the population – means a life on “rations”, and “no-one who’s done anything” will want to live on it. Boris Johnson says wages for a second job of £250,000 are “chicken-feed”, even though they are more than 99.99 percent of us earn. (He must have an army of gargantuan chickens). David Cameron doesn’t even know how many houses he owns, and his heiress-wife says a windfall of up to £250,000 from selling a property is “nothing life-changing.”

Yet out in the real Britain, the median wage is £23,000 a year. Half earn more; half earn less. Below this figure, there’s another: the average personal debt is £29,500. As individuals, we owe more than we earn in a year. This is a relatively recent development – and it happened for an underlying structural reason.

Since the early 1980s, average incomes have stagnated, even as the economy – and people’s expectations – have continued to grow. How is this possible? Under Thatcher and (alas) her New Labour successors, for the first time since the 1920s, growth went almost entirely to those at the top. People like Boris and former oilman Alan Duncan saw their real incomes soar – and shoot off far beyond everyone else. So to keep up, the middle class and the poor turned to credit. They stayed with the rising tide by building a life-raft out of credit cards and personal loans.

But now the chickens we bought on Visa are – for many of us – coming home to roost. There are 20,000 debt collectors in Britain chasing £20bn of overdue debt. In this slump, one business is booming: private debt collection agencies. They buy debts from banks at very low rates – as little as 6p in the pound – and then chase them hard, often demanding immediate full repayment from the unsuspecting debtor.

While Johnson and Duncan were whining that their super-incomes are a pittance, I was prying into this shadowy world – and finding people who really are left with something close to “rations.”

Nick Pearson, the director of the Debt Resolution Forum, says many debt collection firms are “out of control.” Their job often involves chasing debtors who have been lost – and one way of tracking them down is a “fishing expedition.” If Mike Jones from Edgware owes £2000 and the creditor lost touch with him, they can write to every Mike Jones in Edgware demanding he pay up – and threaten he’ll get a credit blacklisting and get taken to court if he doesn’t.

This often ends with non-debtors being harassed and intimidated. For example, Beryl Brazier, a 61 year old widow from Derbyshire, was amazed to be told by debt collectors she had to pay a £17,500 debt. She explained that she had never taken out any such loan, but they wouldn’t leave her alone. They said they would seize her house if she didn’t pay. Many people pay up just to stop the harassment: there is no legal aid to defend yourself with any more. So after three years of fear, she drowned herself in a lake.

When a genuine debtor is found, the agencies frequently exceed the rules in an attempt to shake money from people faster and harder than they can afford to pay it – sometimes needlessly leaving them homeless or on benefits.

For a recent edition of Channel Four’s Despatches programme, the journalist Tom Randall went undercover at Marlin’s Financial Services, one of the leading debt collection agencies in Britain. They pick up debts from HSBC, Lloyd’s and others. After they bought a fresh batch of debts from Yorkshire and Clydesdale Bank, he was instructed by his supervisors not to accept payment by instalment. Demand full payment within 14 days. “Tell them – you’re going bankrupt,” his supervisor announced. Randall was also told he could point out that “others” had borrowed yet more money to pay off their debts.

It costs these firms man-hours to slowly regain a loan over years. It is more cost-effective to reclaim it all in one lump sum – even if that means repossessing a house and putting a family out on the street. We as tax-payers then have to step in and help them out – so this is yet another area where people are hurt and all of us pay out just so a few at the top can profit.

Later, Randall was told off for giving a two-week reprieve to a man whose baby had just died. His supervisor said: “I would have said to him probably: ‘I’m really sorry for that but you’ve not paid since October, what would your reasons for that be?’” Then the supervisor shrugged and said: “Tough, mate.”

In his training, the person held up as the company’s top collector was a man called Mark. They said he “uses stuff we perhaps wouldn’t want to be used but he brings [in] the money… He is good.” Mark seemed to have walked off the stage of a David Mamet play. He said proudly: “The easiest way I can explain collections to you… It’s pantomime. It’s all an act.” He gives an illustration. In front of Tom he calls up a woman in debt who is paying off £20 a month. She explains she and her husband have had to go onto disability allowance and are paying the most they can afford. He threatens her with bailiffs, saying while she’s on hold: “Twenty quid is shit, man… Scare her a bit.”

He says if the firm doesn’t use threats, “We’re fucking ourselves, and if we fuck ourselves, the profits are going to go like that.” He indicates down. Later, Tom saw Marlin staff routinely impersonating solicitors. Marlin say they operate within the rules, they train their staff to be respectful at all times, and these are “exceptions” that have resulted in retraining.

If this out-of-control industry starts to crack the whip, then another out-of-control industry is sent in – the bailiffs. They are free to charge huge “fees” for seizing your property, sending your debt spiralling even further. The Citizen’s Advice Bureau gave me an example of how they routinely operate. A man owed £12 to a catalogue that he failed to pay. Bailiffs turned up at his home demanding £400, saying the increased amount included their fees. When he refused to pay such a huge amount, they seized the Motability scheme car he needed to get to hospital to have kidney dialysis three times a week and drove it away.

A National Debtline study found that 40 percent of bailiffs lie about their powers of entry, half levied unfair fees, and a quarter even threatened the debtor with imprisonment. Anthony Lewisohn, an 82 year old retired judge from Surrey, was amazed when bailiffs turned up on his doorstep demanding payment of more than £500 for a parking fine he had never heard about. It turned out they had been sending letters to his old address – but still they forced him to pay. Lewishon calls them “thugs.”

The poorer you are, the easier it is to become trapped in this system. If I need a new washing machine, I can go and buy one upfront from Curry’s for £337. If I have to take a loan from one of the “alternative credit agencies” for the poor, I pay 254 percent APR. The same washing machine ends up costing £1137. The government should be banning these practices, and guaranteeing reasonable credit for the poor.

Of course debt is an essential part of our economy, and people do have to pay their debts. Those who have the cash but refuse to cough up need to be compelled. But there are far better ways than this cruel and irrational system. Judges should be empowered to study a debtor’s accounts and set a realistic amount to be deducted automatically each week from their wages or benefits. The amount should – by law – be required to keep them and their children above the poverty line.

We will eventually regard our current system with the same shame we feel when we learn that Charles Dickens spent his childhood in a debtors’ prison. Even the most egregious acts by debt collection agencies and bailiffs now pass unpunished. In theory, the Office of Fair Trading regulates debt collection. Last year they found that thirteen companies had breached the rules in serious ways – but they refused to publicly name them, and they have never fined these companies a penny. Bailiffs are subject to even more toothless oversight. The government first said they would regulate them in 2003 – but now they say it’ll happen in 2012.

In a nasty little twist, many of these debt collection firms are owned by private equity groups and hedge funds – the very people who caused this slump in the first place.

This story tells us something dark about Britain today. When the rights of rich people are threatened, the state swoops in fast: every day, there are arrests for counter-feiting designer clothes and pirating DVDs. When the rights of the rest are threatened – in much more damaging ways – the state becomes sluggish and forgiving.

Yet still the wealthy moan that they are the ones being hard done by. If you want to know what rations are like, Mr Duncan, try having a debt collection agency chasing you, and bailiffs thwacking at your door.

I have signed up to the Compass campaign for a High Pay Commission...

Posted by Johann Hari Fri, 14 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT

For more details, click here.

Malalai Joya, la mujer a la que no pueden silenciar

Posted by Johann Hari Thu, 13 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT

“No estoy segura de cuántos días más seguiré en vida,” dice tranquilamente Malalai Joya. Los señores de la guerra que componen el nuevo gobierno “democrático” en Afganistán han estado enviando balas y bombas durante años para tratar de matar a esta pequeña mujer de 30 años proveniente de los campos de refugiados – y parecen aproximarse más con cada intento. Sus enemigos la llaman una “muerta andante.” “Pero no temo a la muerte, temo guardar silencio ante la injusticia,” dice simplemente. “Soy joven y quiero vivir. Pero digo a los que quieren eliminar mi voz: Estoy lista, dondequiera y cuandoquiera que ataquéis. Podéis cortar una flor, pero no podéis detener la primavera.”

La historia de Malalai Joya vuelve al revés todo lo que nos han dicho sobre Afganistán. En la retórica oficial, ella representa lo que ha sido el motivo de nuestra lucha. Es una joven afgana que estableció una escuela clandestina secreta para niñas bajo los talibanes y – cuando fueron derrocados – tiró la burka, se presentó de candidata al parlamento, y enfrentó a los fundamentalistas religiosos.

Pero ella dice: “Vuestros gobiernos os han echado polvo a los ojos. No os han dicho la verdad. La situación para las mujeres es ahora tan catastrófica como lo fue durante los talibanes. Vuestros gobiernos han reemplazado el régimen fundamentalista de los talibanes con otro régimen fundamentalista de señores de la guerra. (Es decir) que vuestros soldados están muriendo para eso.” En lugar de ser liberada, está a punto de ser asesinada.

La historia de Joya es la historia de otro Afganistán – el que está detrás de la burka y detrás de la propaganda.

“Somos las guardianas de nuestras hermanas”

Me reuní con Joya en un apartamento londinense donde vive con una partidaria durante una semana, para hablar de sus memorias – pero incluso aquí hay que mantener en secreto sus desplazamientos, mientras va de un piso franco a otro. Me dicen que no mencione su ubicación a nadie. Está de pie en el pasillo, pequeña y delgada, con sus cabellos fluyendo libremente, y me saluda con un fuerte apretón de manos. Pero, cuando nuestro fotógrafo toma su foto, comienza a reírse como una niña: la tristeza que refleja su pálida cara se desvanece, y se deshace en alegres risitas. “¡Me cuesta acostumbrarme a esto!” dice.

Luego, cuando me siento con ella para hablar de la historia de su vida, el dolor vuelve a inundar su cara. Su cuerpo se tensa y sus puños se cierran.

Joya tenía cuadro días cuando la Unión Soviética invadió Afganistán. Ese día, su padre abandonó sus estudios para combatir al ejército comunista invasor, y desapareció en las montañas. Ella dice: “Desde entonces, todo lo que hemos conocido ha sido la guerra.”

Su más temprano recuerdo es que estaba agarrada de las piernas de su madre mientras los policías registraban de arriba abajo su casa buscando evidencia del lugar en el que se ocultaba su padre. Su madre analfabeta trató de mantener vivos lo mejor posible a sus 10 hijos. Cuando la policía se hizo demasiado agresiva, llevó a sus niños a campos de refugiados al otro lado de la frontera en Irán. En esas inmundas ciudades de carpas ubicadas en la antigua Ruta de la Seda, los afganos se aglomeraban y eran tratados como ciudadanos de segunda clase por Irán. De noche, animales salvajes entraban a las carpas y atacaban a los niños. Allí, la familia recibió la noticia de que el padre de Joya había sido muerto por una mina terrestre – pero estaba vivo, después de perder una pierna.

No había escuelas en los campos iraníes, y la madre de Joya estaba determinada de que sus hijas recibieran la educación que ella nunca había tenido. De modo que huyeron de nuevo, a campos en Pakistán Occidental. Allí, Joya comenzó a leer – y fue transformada. “Dime lo que lees y te diré quién eres,” dice. Desde los primeros años de su adolescencia, inhaló toda la literatura que podía – desde la poesía persa hasta los dramas de Bertolt Brecht y los discursos de Martin Luther King. Comenzó a transmitir su recién descubierta alfabetización a las mujeres mayores en los campos, incluida su propia madre.

Pronto descubrió que le encantaba enseñar – y, al cumplir 16 años, una obra benéfica llamada Organización para la Promoción de las Capacidades de Mujeres Afganas (OPAWC) le hizo una atrevida sugerencia: ve a Afganistán y establece una escuela secreta para niñas, bajo las narices de la tiranía talibán.

De modo que tomó la poca ropa que tenía y fue llevada secretamente a través de la frontera – y comenzaron “los mejores días de mi vida.” Odiaba tener que ponerse una burka, ser acosada en las calles por la omnipresente policía “de vicio y virtud”, y estar bajo la amenaza constante de ser descubierta y ejecutada. Pero dice que valió la pena por las pequeñas. “Cada vez que una nueva niña entraba a la clase, era un triunfo,” dice, resplandeciente. “No hay nada mejor.”

Apenas logró evitar ser descubierta, una y otra vez. Una vez estaba enseñando a una clase de muchachas en el sótano de una familia cuando la madre gritó repentinamente: “¡talibanes! ¡talibanes!” Joya dice: “Dije a mis estudiantes que se acostaran en el suelo y permanecieran totalmente silenciosas. Oímos pasos arriba y esperamos mucho tiempo.” En muchas ocasiones, hombres y mujeres corrientes – extraños anónimos – le ayudaron enviando a la policía en la dirección equivocada. Agrega: “Cada día en Afganistán, incluso ahora, cientos si no miles de mujeres comunes realizan esos pequeños gestos de solidaridad mutua. Somos las guardianas de nuestras hermanas.”

La obra benéfica quedó tan impresionada con su persona que la nombró directora. Joya decidió establecer una clínica para mujeres pobres justo antes de los ataques del 11-S. Cando comenzó la invasión estadounidense, los talibanes huyeron de su provincia, pero las bombas siguieron cayendo. “Se perdieron innecesariamente muchas vidas, igual que en la tragedia del 11 de septiembre,” dice. “El ruido era aterrador, y los niños se tapaban los oídos y gritaban y lloraban. El humo y el polvo llenaban el aire con cada bomba que caía.”

En cuanto los talibanes se retiraron, fueron reemplazados por los señores de la guerra que habían gobernado Afganistán justo antes. Joya dice que, en ese momento: “me di cuenta de que los derechos de las mujeres habían sido traicionados por completo… La mayoría de la gente en Occidente ha sido llevada a creer que la intolerancia y la brutalidad hacia las mujeres en Afganistán comenzaron con el régimen talibán. Pero es una mentira. Muchas de las peores atrocidades fueron cometidas por los fundamentalistas muyahidines durante la guerra civil entre 1991 y 1996. Ellos introdujeron las leyes que oprimían a las mujeres, seguidas por los talibanes… y ahora volvían al poder, respaldados por EE.UU. Volvieron de inmediato a su antigua costumbre de utilizar la violación para castigar a sus enemigos y recompensar a sus combatientes.”

Los señores de la guerra “han gobernado Afganistán desde entonces,” agrega. Mientras “se ha creado un simulacro de parlamento en Kabul para uso en EE.UU.,” el verdadero poder “está en manos de esos fundamentalistas que gobiernan en todas partes fuera de Kabul.” Como ejemplo, nombra al ex gobernador de Herat Khan. Estableció sus propios escuadrones de “vicio y virtud” que aterrorizaron a las mujeres y destruyeron casetes de vídeo y música. Tenía sus propias “milicias privadas, cárceles privadas”. La constitución de Afganistán es irrelevante en esos feudos privados.

Joya descubrió exactamente lo que eso significaba cuando comenzó a establecer la clínica – un señor de la guerra local anunció que no sería permitida, ya que era mujer y crítica del fundamentalismo. Lo hizo igual, y decidió enfrentar a ese fundamentalista presentándose a la elección para la Loya jirga (“reunión de los ancianos”) para elaborar la nueva constitución afgana. Hubo un gran movimiento de apoyo para esa muchacha que quería construir una clínica – y fue elegida. “Resultó ser que mi misión,” dice, “sería denunciar la verdadera naturaleza de la jirga desde adentro.”

“Nunca volví a estar segura”

Al pasar ante las cámaras de televisión del mundo hacia la Loya jirga, lo primero que Joya vio fue “una larga fila con algunos de los peores abusadores de los derechos humanos que nuestro país haya jamás visto – señores de la guerra, criminales de guerra y fascistas.”

Pudo ver a los hombres que invitaron al país a Osama bin Laden, los hombres que introdujeron las leyes misóginas que después fueron seguidas por los talibanes, los hombres que habían masacrado civiles afganos. Algunos llegaron allí mediante la intimidación del electorado, otros mediante el fraude electoral, y aún más que fueron simplemente nombrados por Hamid Karzai, el ex petrolero instalado por el ejército de EE.UU. para que gobernara el país. Pensó en un antiguo dicho afgano: “Es el mismo asno, con montura nueva.”

Por un momento, mientras esos viejos asesinos comenzaban a pronunciar largos discursos congratulándose por la transición a la democracia, Joya se sintió nerviosa. Pero entonces, dice: “Recordé la opresión que enfrentamos como mujeres en mi país, y mi nerviosismo se evaporó, para ser reemplazado por la cólera.”

Cuando le tocó su turno, se levantó, miró alrededor a los ensangrentados señores de la guerra y comenzó a hablar. “¿Por qué permitimos que haya criminales presentes? Son responsables por la situación en la que estamos… Son ellos los que convirtieron nuestro país en el centro de guerras nacionales e internacionales. Son los elementos más contrarios a las mujeres en nuestra sociedad que han puesto a nuestro país en este estado y quieren volver a hacer lo mismo… En su lugar deberían ser procesados en los tribunales nacionales e internacionales.”

Esos señores de la guerra – que alardean de ser duros – no pudieron hacer frente a una esbelta joven que decía la verdad. Comenzaron a gritar y a aullar, llamándola “prostituta” e “infiel”, y a arrojarle botellas. Un hombre trató de golpearla en la cara. Le cortaron el micrófono y la jirga se convirtió en un disturbio.

“Desde ese momento,” dice Joya, “nunca volví a estar segura… Para los fundamentalistas, una mujer es medio ser humano, que sirve sólo para satisfacer todas las voluntades y deseos de un hombre, y para producir niños y trabajar en la casa. No podían creer que una joven mujer les estuviera arrancando las máscaras ante los ojos del pueblo afgano.”

Una turba fundamentalista apareció unas pocas horas después ante su alojamiento, y anunció que había ido a violarla y lincharla. Tuvo que ser puesta bajo inmediata guardia armada – pero se negó a ser protegida por soldados estadounidenses, e insistió en que fueran policías afganos.

Su discurso fue transmitido a todo el mundo – y vitoreado en Afganistán. Recibió un inmenso apoyo de la gente de su país, feliz de que finalmente alguien haya expresado su opinión. Una aldea pobrísima reunió dinero y envió un delegado a cientos de kilómetros de distancia para expresar su agradecimiento.

Una mujer extremadamente anciana llegó acarreada en una carretilla desvencijada, y explicó que había perdido dos hijos – uno ante los soviéticos, el otro ante los fundamentalistas. Dijo a Joya: “Tengo casi 100 años, y me muero. Cuando supe de usted y de lo que dijo, supe que tenía que verla. Dios la proteja, querida.”

Le entregó su argolla de oro, su única posesión de valor, y dijo: “¡Tiene que aceptarla! ¡He sufrido tanto en mi vida, y mi último deseo es que acepte éste mi regalo!

Pero los ocupantes de EE.UU. y la OTAN instruyeron a Joya que debía mostrar “cortesía y respeto” hacia los otros delegados. Cuando Zalmay Khalilzad, el embajador de EE.UU. le dijo eso, ella respondió: “Si estos criminales hubieran violado a su madre o a su hija o a su abuela, o matado a siete de sus hijos, para no hablar de todos los tesoros morales y materiales de su país, ¿qué palabras utilizaría contra semejantes criminales que estén dentro del marco de la cortesía y el respeto?”

Se inclina y cita a Brecht: “Brecht dice: ‘El que no conoce la verdad es sólo un idiota. El que conoce la verdad y dice que es una mentira es un criminal."

Los intentos de asesinarla comenzaron con un francotirador – y no se han detenido desde entonces. Pero ella dice sencillamente, con su puño cerrado: “Quería que los señores de la guerra supieran que no les tenía miedo.”

De modo que se presentó a la elección para el parlamento, y ganó por gran mayoría. “Volvería de nuevo para enfrentar a los que habían arruinado mi país,” explica, “y estaba determinada a mantenerme erguida y a que nunca volvería a doblegarme ante sus amenazas.”

“En cada rincón hay un asesino”

En su primer día Joya observó todo el nuevo parlamento afgano y pensó: “En cada rincón se esconde un asesino, un títere, un criminal, un lord de la droga, un fascista. Esto no es una democracia. Soy una de las pocas personas en este lugar que ha sido auténticamente elegida.” Comenzó su discurso de introducción diciendo: “Mis condolencias al pueblo de Afganistán…”

Antes de que pudiera continuar, los señores de la guerra comenzaron a gritar que la violarían y la matarían. Un señor de la guerra, Abdul Sayyaf, le gritó una amenaza. Joya le miró directo a los ojos y dijo: “Aquí no estamos en [el área que él gobierna por la fuerza] así que contrólese.”

Le pregunto si tuvo miedo, y sacude la cabeza. “Nunca tengo miedo cuando digo la verdad.” Ahora habla rápido: “Me siento verdaderamente honorada por haber sido vilipendiada y amenazada por los salvajes que condenaron a nuestro país a una miseria semejante. Me siento orgullosa de que, aunque no tengo un ejército privado, ni dinero, ni potencias mundiales que me apoyen, esos déspotas brutales me teman y comploten para eliminarme.”

Dice que para los afganos de a pie no hay diferencias entre los talibanes y los señores de la guerra igualmente fundamentalistas. “Qué grupos son etiquetados como ‘terroristas’ o ‘fundamentalistas’ depende de lo útiles que sean para los objetivos de EE.UU.,” dice. “Existen dos lados que aterrorizan a las mujeres, pero los del lado anti-estadounidense son ‘terroristas’ y los pro-estadounidenses son ‘héroes.’”

Karzai gobierna sólo por permiso de los señores de la guerra. Es un “títere desvergonzado” que ganará las elecciones presidenciales del próximo mes porque “no ha dejado de trabajar para sus amos, EE.UU. y los señores de la guerra… En este punto de nuestra historia, los únicos que llegan a servir como presidentes son los elegidos por el gobierno de EE.UU. y la mafia que detiene el poder en nuestro país.”

Cada vez que llegaba a desesperar en el parlamento, encontraba a más mujeres afganas corrientes – y volvía a la lucha. Me habla de una muchacha de 16 años, Rahella, que escapó a un orfanato que Joya había ayudado a establecer en su circunscripción. “Su tío había decidido casarla con su hijo, que era drogadicto. Ella se espantó. De modo que ciertamente la aceptaron, la educaron, le ayudaron.” Un día, apareció el tío y se disculpó, diciendo que había comprendido su error. Pidió si podría volver a casa por el fin de semana para visitar a su familia. Joya aceptó – y cuando volvió a su aldea Rahella fue obligada a casarse y fue llevada a otra parte de Afganistán. Meses después supieron que se había bañado en gasolina y se había quemado viva.

Ha habido una epidemia de suicidios de mujeres en todo el “nuevo” Afganistán en los últimos cinco años. “Los cientos de mujeres afganas que se han quemado no sólo se suicidan para escapar a su miseria,” dice Joya, “claman por justicia.”

Pero no se le permitió presentar esos temas en el supuestamente democrático parlamento. Los señores de la guerra fundamentalistas no pudieron derrotar a Joya en las urnas o matarla y buscaron otra manera de silenciarla. Mientras más hablaba, más se enfurecían. Pidió secularismo en Afganistán, diciendo: “La religión es un asunto privado, que no está relacionado con temas políticos y el gobierno… Los verdaderos musulmanes no necesitan dirigentes políticos que los guíen hacia el Islam.” Condenó la nueva ley que declaró una amnistía para todos los crímenes de guerra cometidos en Afganistán durante los últimos 30 años, diciendo: “Vosotros, los criminales, simplemente os estáis dando licencia para salir de la cárcel.” Por lo tanto los parlamentarios simplemente votaron para expulsarla del Parlamento.

Fue ilegal y antidemocrático – pero el presidente, Hamid Karzai, apoyó la exclusión. “Ahora los criminales señores de la guerra ya no son cuestionados en el parlamento,” dice Joya. “¿Eso es democracia?”

En Occidente nos han servido “un montón de mentiras” sobre lo que es Afganistán actual. “Los medios son ‘libres’ sólo si no tratan de criticar a los señores de la guerra y a los funcionarios,” dice en su libro:

“Raising My Voice” [Alzando mi voz]. Como ejemplo, nombra a un señor de la guerra específico: “Si escribes algo sobre su persona, al día siguiente serás torturado o muerto por los señores de la guerra de la Alianza del Norte.” Es “un mito” cuando se dice que ahora las muchachas ahora pueden ir a la escuela fuera de Kabul. “Sólo un cinco por ciento de las niñas, según la ONU, pueden continuar su educación hasta el 12º año.”

Y es “falso” decir que la cultura afgana sea inherentemente misógina. “En los años cincuenta, hubo un creciente movimiento femenino en Afganistán, que se manifestaba y luchaba por sus derechos,” dice. “Tengo una historia” – revisa sus notas – del New York Times en 1959. ¡Aquí está! El titular es ‘Mujeres en Afganistán levantan el velo’ Estábamos desarrollando una cultura abierta para las mujeres – y luego las guerras e invasiones extranjeras lo aplastaron todo. Si podemos recuperar nuestra independencia, podremos reiniciar esa lucha.”

Muchos de sus amigos la instan a abandonar el país, antes de que uno de los aspirantes a asesinos tenga éxito. Pero, ella dice: “Nunca podré partir mientras toda la gente pobre que amo viva en el peligro y la pobreza. No voy a buscar un sitio mejor y más seguro, y dejarla en el infierno.” Mientras me pide perdón por su inglés – que, en realidad, es excelente – vuelve a citar a Brecht: “Los que luchan fracasan a menudo, pero los que no luchan han fracasado siempre.”

Actualmente, Joya lucha por la democracia desde afuera del parlamento. Pero, dice, todo demócrata afgano está actualmente “atrapado entre dos enemigos. Están las fuerzas de ocupación desde el cielo, lanzando bombas de racimo y uranio empobrecido, y en tierra están los señores de la guerra fundamentalistas y los talibanes, con sus propias armas.” Quiere ayudar al creciente movimiento de afganos de a pie que se encuentran entre medio, que se oponen a ambos: “Con la retirada de un enemigo, las fuerzas de ocupación, será más fácil luchar contra esos enemigos fundamentalistas interiores.”

Si fuera presidenta de Afganistán, comenzaría por enviar a todos los criminales de guerra del país ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia en La Haya. “Cualquiera que ha asesinado a mis hermanas y hermanos debería ser castigado,” dice: “desde los talibanes, a los señores de la guerra, a George W. Bush.” Luego pediría a todas las fuerzas extranjeras que se fueran inmediatamente. Dice que es un error cuando se dice que Afganistán simplemente caería en la guerra civil si eso sucediera. “¿Y qué me dicen de la guerra civil actual? Hoy en día la gente está siendo asesinada – muchos, muchos crímenes de guerra. Mientras más tiempo permanezcan en Afganistán las tropas extranjeras haciendo lo que hacen, peor será la eventual guerra civil para el pueblo afgano.”

El público afgano, agrega, está de su parte, refiriéndose a un reciente sondeo de opinión que muestra que un 60% de los afganos desea una retirada inmediata de la OTAN. Mucha gente en Afganistán, dice, tenía esperanzas en Barack Obama – “pero en realidad está intensificando la política de George Bush… Sé que su elección tiene mucho valor simbólico en términos de la lucha de los afro-estadounidenses por igualdad de derecho, y esa lucha es algo que admiro y respeto. Pero lo que es importante para el mundo no es si el presidente es negro o blanco, sino sus acciones. No se puede comer simbolismo.”

La política de EE.UU. es impulsada por la geopolítica, dice, no por personalidades. “Afganistán está en el corazón de Asia, de modo que es un sitio muy importante para tener bases militares – para que puedan controlar con mucha facilidad el comercio con otras potencias asiáticas como ser China, Rusia, Irán, etc.”

“Pero puede ser cambiado por los estadounidenses,” agrega. Ahora se apasiona, su voz aumenta de tono. “Digo a Obama – en mi área, 150 personas fueron muertas por bombas de EE.UU. en un solo incidente en este año. Si su familia hubiera estado allí, ¿enviaría más soldados e incluso más bombas? Su gobierno está gastando 18 millones de dólares para construir otra cárcel de Guantánamo en Bagram. Si su hija pudiera ser detenida allí, ¿la estaría construyendo? Digo a Obama: cambie de ruta, o de otra manera la gente dirá mañana que es otro Bush.”

“Cuesta ser fuerte todo el tiempo”

“No es bueno mostrar alguna debilidad a mis enemigos, (pero) cuesta ser fuerte todo el tiempo,” dice Joya suspirando, mientras se pasa las manos por los cabellos. Ha estado hablando con tanta insistencia – con semejante coraje preternatural – que es fácil olvidar que era sólo una muchacha cuando fue lanzada a la lucha contra el fundamentalismo. Nunca se le permitió ser adolescente. La bravía concentración en su cara se desvanece, y parece un poco perdida. “Sí, mi madre se siente orgullosa de mi persona,” dice, “pero ya sabe cómo son las madres – se preocupan. Cada vez que hablo con ella por teléfono, su primera y última frase siempre es ‘¡Cuídate!’”

Hace dos años, se casó en secreto. No puede nombrar a su esposo, porque lo matarían. Hubo que revisar las flores para su boda a la busca de bombas. Sólo dice que se conocieron en una conferencia de prensa, “y que él apoya todo lo que hago.” No lo ha visto “durante dos meses,” dice. “Nos encontramos en casas seguras de nuestros partidarios. No puedo dormir en la misma casa dos noches seguidas. Es una casa diferente cada noche.”

¿De dónde sale tanto valor? Actúa como si la respuesta fuera obvia – cualquiera lo haría, afirma. Pero no lo hacen. Tal vez provenga de su creencia de que la lucha es larga y que nuestras vidas individuales son cortas, de modo que sólo podemos hacer progresar nuestra causa de a poco, sabiendo que otros tomarán el relevo. “Cuando yo muera, otros vendrán. De eso me siento segura,” dice.

Ciertamente tiene un fuerte sentimiento de pertenecer a una larga historia de afganos que lucharon por la libertad. “Mis padres eligieron mi nombre por Malalai de Maiwand. Fue una joven quien, en 1880, fue a la línea de fuego en la segunda guerra anglo-afgana a tratar a los heridos. Cuando los combatientes estaban cerca del colapso, levantó una bandera afgana y condujo a los hombres a la batalla. Fue herida – pero los británicos sufrieron una derrota importante y, finalmente, fueron expulsados.”

Cuando se presentó como candidata, tuvo que elegir un apellido, para proteger la identidad de su familia. “Me puse el nombre de Sarwar Joya, el poeta afgano y constitucionalista. Pasó 24 años en la cárcel y finalmente lo mataron porque no estuvo dispuesto a comprometer sus principios democráticos… En Afganistán tenemos un dicho: la verdad es como el sol. Cuando asciende, nadie puede taparla u ocultarla.”

Malalai Joya sabe que la pueden asesinar en cualquier momento, en nuestro recién liberado ‘istán’ de los señores de la guerra. Me abraza para despedirse y dice: “Tenemos que mantenernos en contacto.” Pero me quedo preguntándome tristemente si volveremos a vernos algún día. Tal vez lo nota, porque me insta a volver a leer el último párrafo de sus memorias “Raising My Voice.” “Es realmente como me siento,” explica. Dice: “Si muriera y queréis continuar mi trabajo, venid a visitar mi tumba. Echadle un poco de agua y gritad tres veces. Quiero oír vuestra voz.” Miro su cara y ella me da la sonrisa más valerosa que haya visto en mi vida.

`Raising My Voice' de Malalai Joya fue publicado por Rider. Todos los beneficios serán utilizados para apoyar la causa de los derechos de las mujeres en Afganistán.

Traducido del inglés para Rebelión por Germán Leyens
http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/22232